Pneumonia represents a significant health risk in the very young and very old, and mortality rates remain high among the most vulnerable. Here, we take a look at some basic measures to protect babies and children, as well as the tell-tale signs to look out for.
Prevention of pneumonia in babies
Pneumonia accounts for 16% of all deaths in children under five years old, taking over 920,000 lives a year. Although in the US mortality rates have declined significantly, it continues to be the leading cause of death in many developing countries. Pneumonia comprises a series of lung infections that may have a bacterial or viral cause. It usually attacks vulnerable groups such as the elderly or young children, and is currently the leading cause of death among all children aged under five. In developed countries, pneumonia is rarely fatal for children, but it is the most common reason for children to be hospitalized. In babies, the most common cause for infection is the pneumococcus bacteria, which can also cause meningitis, blood infections, and ear infections. Currently, there are two vaccines that protect against pneumococcal disease: PCV13, considered safe for children under the age of two, and PPSV23, which is recommended for children two years old and above.
Which babies are more Vulnerable to pneumonia?
Babies and children under the age of two as a whole, are more susceptible to developing pneumonia, because their immune systems are still developing. Research has shown that certain infants are at an increased risk, including those from low income households and those growing in developing countries, where they can be exposed to indoor and outdoor pollution. Nearly half of the world’s households use unprocessed solid fuels to cook, thus raising the amounts of unclean air within a home. In lower income households in developed countries, factors that can increase the likelihood of pneumonia include a lack of awareness regarding hygiene, inadequate nutrition, poor access to care, and failure to vaccinate against pneumonia. Children in the US who are eligible for Medicaid cover can actually obtain vaccines at no cost via the Vaccines for Children Program, yet studies show that children from low income homes are significantly less likely to be vaccinated, than those in wealthier districts.
Preventing pneumonia in babies
In addition to PCV13 and PPSV23, the flu and other vaccines can help prevent pneumonia. Ensure you are up to date with the vaccine calendar for children, which you can obtain from your doctor as well as online. Practice good hygiene by washing your hands and keeping your home clean – especially frequently touched surfaces such as doorknobs, tables, remote controls, etc. If anyone smokes in your family, they should attempt to quit, since passive smoking increases the risk of pneumonia, even if children are exposed to smoke for only short periods. Finally, as soon as you notice signs of a serious ‘flu’ – a high temperature, lethargy, difficulty breathing, see a doctor so your child can receive immediate treatment and, when necessary, help from an oxygen machine, which is vital if a child’s oxygen levels are below a certain level.
Babies are more vulnerable to pneumonia per se, but their risk is even greater if they are from low income families, or if they grow up in developing countries. To reduce your baby’s risk, vaccination, sound nutrition, and home hygiene, are vital, as is visiting the doctor if infection is suspected.
Author: Lucy Wyndham
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